"[546], With Germany defeated, Stalin switched focus to the war with Japan, transferring half a million troops to the Far East. [591] In August 1949, the bomb was successfully tested in the deserts outside Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. [410] With the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in July 1937, the Soviet Union and China signed a non-aggression pact the following August. [555], After the war, Stalin wasaccording to Serviceat the "apex of his career". [621] In December 1949, Mao visited Stalin. [627] Stalin wanted to avoid direct Soviet conflict with the U.S., convincing the Chinese to aid the North. [901] Stalin has also been accused of genocide in the cases of forced population transfer of ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union and the famine in Ukraine. [369] At its 6th Congress in July 1928, Stalin informed delegates that the main threat to socialism came not from the right but from non-Marxist socialists and social democrats, whom he called "social fascists";[370] Stalin recognised that in many countries, the social democrats were the Marxist-Leninists' main rivals for working-class support. "[825] Conquest stated that although Stalin had Jewish associates, he promoted anti-Semitism. [274] Favouring new Communist Party members from proletarian backgrounds, to the "Old Bolsheviks" who tended to be middle class university graduates,[275] he ensured he had loyalists dispersed across the country's regions. [326] Although officially voluntary, many peasants joined the collectives out of fear they would face the fate of the kulaks; others joined amid intimidation and violence from party loyalists. In 1938 Stalin often appears alone in the form of a photographic bust portrait, particularly in posters that promote the regional elections of the Soviet Union of that year 279 but, also, in a curious poster documenting in detail Stalin's arrests, exiles and escapes from exile between 1902 and 1917 (Fig. [611] The 1947 Hungarian elections were also rigged by Stalin, with the Hungarian Working People's Party taking control. Leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953, "Stalin" redirects here. What title was Stalin given in 1922? [215] In September he was returned to the Southern Front. [496] During the war, Stalin was more tolerant of the Russian Orthodox Church, allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with Patriarch Sergius in September 1943. [295] The factionalist arguments continued, with Stalin threatening to resign in October and then December 1926 and again in December 1927. [850] It is unclear if Stalin ever had a mistress during or after his marriage to Alliluyeva. [587] Tensions among these former Allies grew,[557] resulting in the Cold War. [112] There he had affairs with at least two women; his landlady, Maria Kuzakova, later gave birth to his second son, Konstantin. He had filled the administration of the Party with people who were loyal to him. Lenin called for establishment of a new federation named the "Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia", reflecting his desire for expansion across the two continents and insisted that the Russian state should join this union on equal terms with the other Soviet states. Joseph Stalin (pictured by himself in image #3 below) was one of the most infamous totalitarian dictators of the 20th century. [118] Shortly after the conference, Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev decided to co-opt Stalin to the committee. After the Bolsheviks seized power in the October Revolution and created a one-party state under the new Communist Party in 1917, Stalin joined its governing Politburo. [606] In November 1948, he abolished the JAC,[632] and show trials took place for some of its members. [3] He was born on 18 December[O.S. [519] In 1941, the London Philharmonic Orchestra performed a concert to celebrate his birthday,[520] and in 1942, Time magazine named him "Man of the Year". [555] Various East European communists also visited Stalin in Moscow. [401] Stalin initiated confidential communications with Hitler in October 1933, shortly after the latter came to power in Germany. [757] Along with other senior figures, he had a dacha at Zubalova, 35km outside Moscow,[758] although ceased using it after Nadezhda's 1932 suicide. [857] After Stalin's death, Svetlana changed her surname from Stalin to Alliluyeva,[675] and defected to the U.S.[858], After Nadezhda's death, Stalin became increasingly close to his sister-in-law Zhenya Alliluyeva;[859] Montefiore believed that they were lovers. [414] In September 1934, he launched a commission to investigate false imprisonments; that same month he called for the execution of workers at the Stalin Metallurgical Factory accused of spying for Japan. [619] With this accomplished, Marxist governments now controlled a third of the world's land mass. [462] A GermanSoviet Frontier Treaty was signed shortly after, in Stalin's presence. [679] According to Montefiore, Stalin's embrace of the Russian nation was pragmatic, as the Russians were the core of the population of the USSR; it was not a rejection of his Georgian origins. February: The Soviet government replaces the CHEKA with a new security agency, . [663] The crowds of people coming to view the body were so large and disorganized that about 100 people were killed in the crush. In 1922 he was appointed general secretary of the Bolshevik party with the help of Lenin. [163] This reflected his senior standing in the party at the time.[164]. [124] In July, he arrived at the Siberian village of Narym,[125] where he shared a room with a fellow Bolshevik Yakov Sverdlov. Mar 10, 2022. [670] The system of collective leadership was restored, and measures introduced to prevent any one member from attaining autocratic domination. [327] By 1932, about 62% of households involved in agriculture were part of collectives, and by 1936 this had risen to 90%. Joseph Stalin Russia- how came to power. The Soviets invaded Finland in November 1939, yet despite numerical inferiority, the Finns kept the Red Army at bay. [912] In 1956, Khrushchev gave his "Secret Speech", titled "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences", to a closed session of the Party's 20th Congress. [214] He returned to Moscow between January and March 1919,[215] before being assigned to the Western Front at Petrograd. [366] He personally met with a range of Western visitors, including George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Wells, both of whom were impressed with him. [932] A number of Georgians resent criticism of Stalin, the most famous figure from their nation's modern history. [247], After the civil war, workers' strikes and peasant uprisings broke out across Russia, largely in opposition to Sovnarkom's food requisitioning project; as an antidote, Lenin introduced market-oriented reforms: the New Economic Policy (NEP). [720], Ethnically Georgian,[721] Stalin grew up speaking the Georgian language,[722] and did not begin learning Russian until the age of eight or nine. [411] Stalin aided the Chinese as the KMT and the Communists had suspended their civil war and formed the desired United Front. At the 20 th CPSU, which has been largely considered the most important congress following the death of Lenin, Khrushchev and other Soviet leaders began pushing for decentralization of power within the Soviet Union. See answer (1) Best Answer. The Constituent Assembly was declared dissolved by the Bolshevik-Left SR Soviet government, rendering the end the term served. Even in the Soviet Union, Stalin's predecessor, Vladimir . [424] By late 1937, all remnants of collective leadership were gone from the Politburo, which was controlled entirely by Stalin. [618] Across Eastern Europe, the Soviet model was enforced, with a termination of political pluralism, agricultural collectivisation, and investment in heavy industry. [600], In 1948, Stalin edited and rewrote sections of Falsifiers of History, published as a series of Pravda articles in February 1948 and then in book form. [372] His relationship with Nadezhda was also strained amid their arguments and her mental health problems. [904] In addition, while archival data shows that 1,053,829 perished in the Gulag from 1934 to 1953,[905] the current historical consensus is that of the 18million people who passed through the Gulag system from 1930 to 1953, between 1.5 and 1.7million died as a result of their incarceration. [176] Trotsky and other later Bolshevik opponents of Stalin used this as evidence that his role in the coup had been insignificant, although later historians reject this. [897] After the dissolution of the Union in 1991, the rest of the archives were opened to historians, resulting in much new information about Stalin coming to light,[898] and producing a flood of new research. [880] He has also been labelled a "red fascist". [796] Like all Bolshevik leaders, Stalin believed that reading could help transform not just people's ideas and consciousness, but human nature itself. In 1928 Stalin abandoned Lenin's quasi-capitalist New Economic Policy in favour of headlong state-organized industrialization under a succession of five-year plans. [334] Although he and Stalin had been close for many years,[335] Bukharin expressed concerns about these policies; he regarded them as a return to Lenin's old "war communism" policy and believed that it would fail. [694] According to Sandle, Stalin was "committed to the creation of a society that was industrialised, collectivised, centrally planned and technologically advanced. In 1922, Stalin was given the title of General Secretary of the Communist Party. [853] Stalin regarded Vasily as spoiled and often chastised his behaviour; as Stalin's son, Vasily nevertheless was swiftly promoted through the ranks of the Red Army and allowed a lavish lifestyle. [6] His birth name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili,[d] and he was nicknamed "Soso", a diminutive of "Ioseb". [729] Montefiore was of the view that "after 1917, [Stalin] became quadri-national: Georgian by nationality, Russian by loyalty, internationalist by ideology, Soviet by citizenship. [147] In March 1914, concerned over a potential escape attempt, the authorities moved Stalin to the hamlet of Kureika on the edge of the Arctic Circle. [62], Stalin left Batum in October, arriving at the small Siberian town of Novaya Uda in late November 1903. [287] Stalin built up a retinue of his supporters in the Central Committee,[288] while the Left Opposition were gradually removed from their positions of influence. [351] Many religious buildings were demolished, most notably Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, destroyed in 1931 to make way for the (never completed) Palace of the Soviets. Although concerns were expressed that adopting this new post on top of his others would overstretch his workload and give him too much power, Stalin was appointed to the position. It is generally taken as given that Stalin used the power this afforded him to remove his political rivals in the course of his rise to power, and in later years, to remove those officials who had reservations about his policies. [408] Stalin took a strong personal involvement in the Spanish situation. "[590] He personally took a keen interest in the development of the weapon. [251] For Lenin, it was advantageous to have a key ally in this crucial post.[252]. Lenin's Testament, 4 January 1923;[253] this was possibly composed by Krupskaya rather than Lenin himself. [796] He favoured historical studies, keeping up with debates in the study of Russian, Mesopotamian, ancient Roman, and Byzantine history. [647] [922] In recent years, the government and general public of Russia has been accused of rehabilitating Stalin. [337], Officially, the Soviet Union had replaced the "irrationality" and "wastefulness" of a market economy with a planned economy organised along a long-term, precise, and scientific framework; in reality, Soviet economics were based on ad hoc commandments issued from the centre, often to make short-term targets. [219], The Bolsheviks won the Russian civil war by the end of 1919. [432], During the 1930s and 1940s, NKVD groups assassinated defectors and opponents abroad;[433] in August 1940, Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico, eliminating the last of Stalin's opponents among the former Party leadership. [383] Government policiesincluding the focus on rapid industrialisation, the socialisation of livestock, and the emphasis on sown areas over crop rotationexacerbated the problem;[388] the state had also failed to build reserve grain stocks for such an emergency. Study now. [755] His choice of favoured holiday house changed over the years,[756] although he holidayed in southern parts of the USSR every year from 1925 to 1936 and again from 1945 to 1951. [508] In June 1942, the German Army began a major offensive in Southern Russia, threatening Stalingrad; Stalin ordered the Red Army to hold the city at all costs. The pair had a daughter, Yekaterina, in 1950 but the . [296] In October 1927, Zinoviev and Trotsky were removed from the Central Committee;[297] the latter was exiled to Kazakhstan and later deported from the country in 1929. The ransacking of churches and trials and executions of priests followed, notwithstanding demonstrations against such measures. Stalin had called for the Chinese Communists to ally themselves with Kuomintang (KMT) nationalists, viewing a Communist-Kuomintang alliance as the best bulwark against Japanese imperial expansionism. 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