Matsui T, Kobayashi H, Hirai S, Kawachi H, Yano H. Magnesium deficiency stimulated mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-a in skeletal muscle of rats. 1. Mg2+ has also been shown to reduce brain edema and protect brain morphology in experimental cold-injury by inhibition of lipid peroxidation (Turkoglu et al., 2008). Mg2+ acts as a regulatory cation at the systemic and cellular levels, and participates in almost all anabolic and catabolic processes in the body. Even though glycerin magnesium sulphate and heparin ointment are widely used in hospitals, which of the intervention is more effective, is still confusing and debatable question to nurses and also there is little evidence showing about that which one is more effective and cost-effective on management of thrombophlebitis. Guo S, Lo EH. Majority of 148% and 44% in MSG group and HPA group respectively cant read and write. Looking at the blood-brain barrier: molecular anatomy and possible investigation approaches. Skin that holds a dimple, also known as pitting, after it's been pressed for a few seconds. K. C., A. , Parajuli, P. , Mehta, R. and Mandal, G. (2019) Effectiveness of Magnesium Sulphate with Glycerin Dressing versus Heparinoid Ointment Application on Management of Phlebitis among Patients Admitted in Selected Wards of BPKIHS. This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Comment all you like here! Huang Q F, Gebrewold A, Zhang A, Altura BT, Altura BM. Demougeot C, Bobillier-Chaumont S, Mossiat C, Marie C, Berthelot A. S. Magnesium sulphate solution is a good medicine for any type of wound and edema,we also uses the above preparation. Accumulated data from animal models indicates that administration of magnesium salts into the circulation or extracellular brain compartments can provide an effective therapy for TBI (Vink and Cernak, 2000; Saatman et al., 2001; Hoane, 2007) by improving BBB integrity and decreasing brain edema (Esen et al., 2003). Despite its name, Epsom salt is a completely different compound than table salt . The mean VIP score is more in MSG group as compared with that of HPA group. On the other hand, magnesium supplementation can play multiple roles in protecting BBB integrity and improving brain edema. Prolonged standing, Encourage rhythmic isotonic movements eg. Population: All the patients admitted in medical and surgical wards of B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences with phlebitis having peripheral intravascular cannula (PIC) in situ constitute the population of the study. Copyright 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. Questionnaire and observation were used to collect the data regarding the prevalence of phlebitis and the effective management measure for phlebitis. In contrast to the animal studies mentioned above, McKee and colleagues (McKee et al., 2005) described the functional characteristics of the BBB in patients with TBI by using MgSO4 infusions initiated at an average of 5 days after injury. The reasons for such differences are hard to explain and have no satisfactory explanation for such findings [16]. Out of 100 hospitalized patients at any given time, 7 in developed and 10 in developing countries will acquire at least one health care-associated infection [6]. Early detection and appropriate interventions reduce the occurrence and severity of cannula related phlebitis. In a study involving a total of 21 patients with normal- pressure hydrocephalus, a slight plasma-like protein pattern has been demonstrated in CSF in 38% of the patients prior to surgical intervention, indicating BBB dysfunction (Wikkels and Blomstrand, 1982). But finally after comparison, Ichthammol glycerin was found as more effective for the management of phlebitis. The finding of the study is consistent with others studies. Saris NL, Mervaala E, Karppanen H, Khawaja JA, Lewenstam A. Magnesium: an update on physiological, clinical and analytical aspects. Table 3 shows variables related to administration of intravenous cannula from both groups all 50 (100%) participants received intravenous drugs. Comparision of the effectiveness of magnesium sulphate with glycerine and heparinoid ointment application on phlebitis (n = 50). Introduction: Phlebitis is the most common complication of intravenous infusion therapy. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, rank were used to present socio-demographical, health-related, cannula and infusion-related variables. U.S. FDA Resources. Association between socio-demographic variables and severity score (n = 50). Usually applied to boils and carbuncles, the cooling, white paste helps the skin heal so it pushes areas of infection up and out. The mean visual infusion scale score was more in MSG group as compared with that of HPA group. groups. Altura BM, Gebrewold A, Huang QF, Altura BT. Vink R, McIntosh TK, Demediuk P, Weiner MW, Faden AI. To be applied under dressing. Low extracellular magnesium ions induce lipid peroxidation and activation of nuclear factor-kappa B in canine cerebral vascular smooth muscle: possible relation to traumatic brain injury and strokes. relieve migraine headaches. Tight junctions (TJs) between adjacent brain capillary endothelial cells possess occludin and claudin proteins that serve to preserve junctional integrity. Table 4 depicts that majority of 16% and 80% participants had pain along the pathway in MSG and HPA groups. Methods: This is an observational study consisting of 20 patients (sample size) who presented at N and Hospital, Vasna - Bhayli, Vadodara . Background: Phlebitis is the inflammation of the tunica intima of the vein. Treatment with magnesium decreases the concentration of inflammatory cytokines and free radicals and increases antioxidant capacity and survival rate in rats (Salem et al., 1995). Approximately 90% participants among both groups cannula were inserted frequently which was more than twice among them majority of 92% and 84% in MSG and HPA groups respectively. In brain tissue, the barrier-type endothelial cells have a continuous basal membrane and do not exhibit fenestrations. Susanna, Sr. Winnifred D'Souza(2014), Malarvizhi, to identify the effectiveness of fresh aloevera and glycerin magnesium sulphate application on phlebitis among children.. assigned to glycerine magnesium sulphate and heparin group. The findings from the current study show that both group all 100% participants having phlebitis were using cannula for various intravenous medications followed by 96% participants were receiving intravenous fluids and electrolytes Likewise 60% and 20% participants in MSG and HPA groups respectively were under KCL with IVF. Bruises, and sprains associated with muscle and joint injuries. Another similar study to find effectiveness of Magnesium sulphate crystal fomentation versus paste application for phlebitis in Regional Advanced Care Center, Mangalore reported that Glycerin magnesium sulphate paste was more effective compared to magnesium sulphate crystal fomentation in reducing swelling and induration [27]. All absorbent dressings maintain moist wound environment but dressings like hydrogel and glycerin magnesium sulphate provide direct moisture to the wound. The mean VIP score is more in MSG group as compared with that of HPA group. It has been reported that Mg2+ exerts neuroprotective effects in an anoxic insult by improving the recovery of synaptic transmission and blocking the loss of protein kinase C (PKC) (Libien et al., 2005). Ionized magnesium (Mg2+) is a crucial cofactor that plays an essential role within the cell and regulates a variety of biochemical reactions. Magnesium metabolism in health and disease. Dai LJ, Quamme G A. Intracellular Mg2+ and magnesium depletion in isolated renal thick ascending limb cells. Decrease in total and free magnesium concentration following traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain edema caused by trauma has also been proposed to be mainly vasogenic in nature due to the opening of TJs in the BBB (Unterberg et al., 2004). Accumulated data indicate that magnesium administration improves functional outcome following BBB disruption and decreases brain edema (Okiyama et al., 1995; Feldman et al., 1996; Kaya et al., 2004; Esen et al., 2005; Euser et al., 2008). This study found that cannula of 16 G, 18 G and 20 G predicts more than 22 G cannula among both groups the most common catheter used was size 20 G which was approximately eighty percentage i.e. Part III: It consists of check-list and grading scale to assess severity of phlebitis based on Visual Infusion Phlebitis (VIP) scale. similarly mild 53.6% and very mild 37%where found on study conducted by Oliveira and Parreira [22] [24]. Edema and brain trauma. Meanwhile, zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and ZO-2, cingulin, cadherin, cathenin, vinculin and actin constitute accessory proteins that aid in the assembly of TJs. This is express yourself space. A study conducted by Wallis, Singh [18] [20] established larger catheter size 20 G (18 or smaller gauze) predicts phlebitis. Can Help Improve Blood Sugar . Preeclampsia-eclampsia: Clinical and neuroradiographic correlates and insights into the pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy. Ageing, hippocampal synaptic activity and magnesium. It's a chemical compound made up of magnesium, sulfur, and oxygen. 1) To study and establish the role of Magnesium Sulphate with Glycerin dressing in cases of cellulitis in Diabetics. Table 6 demonstrates that there is a statistically significant difference in VIP score among the participants in magnesium sulphate with glycerin group and heparinoid ointment groups after each intervention (P < 0.05). Take magnesium sulphate granules and mix it with glycerine using one finger (20 gm MgSO4: 100 ml Glycerine ratio) Magnesium sulphate decreases the limb edema. Acute cytoskeletal alterations and cell death induced by experimental brain injury are attenuated by magnesium treatment and exacerbated by magnesium deciency. Soak it completely so that no part of gauze is dry, 4. Finally, data will be preserved for at least five years. Most people are very tolerant of glycerin, without experiencing irritation. Adelaide (AU): University of Adelaide Press; 2011. Phlebitis is the most common complication of intravenous therapy. This topic discusses on the main findings of the present study and these are discussed with regards to findings of other relevant studies. More than 80% participants had erythema in both MSG and HPA groups. A reduction of Mg2+ level within the cell in pathological states can be considered as an injury factor in the brain and may lead to serious biological and metabolic dysfunction. 25 participants in Group A (application of Magnesium sulphate with glycerin). Chaon A, Lisott E, Eblen-Zajjur A. Magnesium sulphate reduces cell volume in physiological conditions but not in the cytotoxic oedema during global brain ischemia. Association of Socio-Demographic Variables and Severity Score. Phlebitis is the inflammation of the tunica intima of the vein. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or There can be variation in the licensing of different medicines containing the same drug. Significantly decreased extracellular magnesium in brains of gerbils subjected to cerebral ischemia. a = Mann-Whitney U Test, b = Kruskal Wallis test. In group II the mean pre-treatment and post-treatment scores of phlebitis were 3.0 and 0.28 respectively and the pre-test and post-test scores of standard deviation were 0.577 and 0.458 and rank 6.54 and 1.58 respectively which presents the mean score of different groups with pre score and post score. Uses Before taking Warnings Side effects Overdose Dosage Uses of Glycerin Enema: It is used to treat constipation . Magnesium administration significantly attenuates the hypoxia-induced increase in reactive oxygen species and contributes to the repair of the disrupted BBB in hypoxia/ischemia (Ravishankar et al., 2001; Goi-de-Cerio et al., 2009). Epsom salt is one of many naturally occurring mineral salts, a compound of magnesium and sulfate in rock-like formations. Table 1 shows surprisingly 47 years was the mean age of respondents in both. Also, the reduction in Mg2+ concentration within the cell results in an impairment of membrane stability by promoting free radical production (Ebel and Gunther, 1980; Bara and Guiet-Bara, 1984). Hallak M, Berman RF, Irtenkauf SM, Evans MI, Cotton DB. Following systemic administration, regional increases in Mg2+ has been detected in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in rats with an intact BBB (Hallak et al., 1992; Touyz, 2008). Go to Top of Page Study Description Study Design Arms and Interventions Outcome Measures Eligibility Criteria Contacts and Locations More Information. However this finding is contradictory to the finding of other studies. It is formed by medical using magnesium sulfate aqueous solution and carrier. Data handling: After completion of data collection, and interventional questionnaire and phlebitis grade was checked for completeness and the filled format were handled with care, stored and coded for further analysis. Sen AP, Gulati A. The result is an alcohol-based product that is an ingredient in many skin-care products. Setting: The study was conducted in medical and surgical wards of B.P. 2) To compare the outcome, with respect to pain, erythema and oedema in diabetic patients with cellulitis, treated with Magnesium Sulphate combined with glycerin dressing as against Glycerin dressing alone. Taniguchi M, Yamashita T, Kumura E, Tamatani M, Kobayashi A, Yokawa T, Maruno M, Kato A, Ohnishi T, Kohmura E, Tohyama M, Yoshimine T. Induction of aquaporin-4 water channel mRNA after focal cerebral ischemia in rat. One of the major mechanisms responsible for the pharmacological action of Mg2+ is blockage of NMDA or alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl isoxazole-4-proprionic acid (AMPA) channels/ receptors in cerebral vascular system as well as brain parenchyma (Huang et al., 1994). University of Adelaide Press, Adelaide (AU). Peripheral magnesium sulfate enters the brain and increases the threshold for hippocampal seizures in rats. So, the difference between pre and post-score was found. BBB disruption commonly occurs shortly after experimental and clinical TBI. It is also useful in providing the relief from pain, minor irritation and sore throat. When approximately, 95% confidence intervals were used P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Transient receptor potential melastatin 6 and 7 channels, magnesium transport, and vascular biology: implications in hypertension. However, owing to the availability of limited knowledge, it is hard to come to a full understanding of the highly specific actions of magnesium on BBB integrity and brain edema in the course of a variety of pathophysiologies involving the BBB. It is beneficial in improving the texture and pigmentation of hair growth. MAGNOCARE WET PADS OF EPSOM SALT 33%. Magnesium sulphate treatment decreases blood brain barrier permeability during acute hypertension in pregnant rats. Thus for the subjects who receive glycerin magnesium sulphate, the medication was in constant contact with the affected area till the next application. Magnesium Sulfate for the Treatment of Eclampsia. There was homogenous distribution of age, gender, marital status and education in both experimental groups with significance p-value of 0.663, 0.258, 0.3006 and 0.978 respectively as there was no significant difference of demographic characteristics among both experimental groups (considering a P-value of 0.05). A 1999 study published in "Biology of the Neonate" found that when pregnant rats were given a magnesium-deficient diet, the mortality rate of their pups increased. Procedure for the application of both the interventions was different. Temkin NR, Anderson GD, Winn HR, Ellenbogen RG, Britz GW, Schuster J, Lucas T, Newell DW, Manseld PN, Machamer JE, Barber J, Dikmen SS. Effectiveness of Magnesium Sulphate with Glycerin and Heparinoid Ointment Application on Phlebitis. Only in some participants palpable venous cord and pyrexia was present in both groups. Use of magnesium in traumatic brain injury. Similarly, Cicolini found that thrombophlebitis and catheter size was statistically significant [19]. Systemic delivery of Mg2+ may constitute an alternative approach in the future, both to improve BBB integrity and to decrease brain edema in the course of a variety of diseases involving brain tissue. All applications were given 3 times a day for 3 days. Magnesium in the Central Nervous System [Internet]. Glycerin magnesium sulphate paste was effective in reducing swelling and in duration when compared to magnesium sulphate crystal fomentation.2 A study was conducted by Junia.D. Similarly few were under blood transfusion and in NPO/unconscious. Ariza AC, Bobadilla N, Fernandez C, Munoz-Fuentes RM, Larrea F, Halhali A. Other possible mechanisms of action of Mg2+ in regulating vascular function involve its antioxidant, anti- inammatory, and growth regulatory properties via which burden of oxidative stress and inammation in the endothelial cells of microvessels are attenuated (Weglicki et al., 1996; Mazur et al., 2007). There was homogenous distribution of age, gender, marital status and education in both experimental groups with significance p-value of 0.663, 0.258, 0.3006 and 0.978 respectively. Magsulf Ointment is used for treating inflammation and acne. Under certain pathological conditions, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), cerebral ischemia and acute hypertension, thebrain edema, which is initially cytotoxic, acquires a vasogenic character in the following stages. Bara M, Guiet-Bara A. Potassium, magnesium and membranes. Whereas the finding is inconsistent with the findings from other studies Hedayatinejad, Yoong [15] [19] which showed that insertion site did not significantly influence so no significant correlation seen between the insertion site and phlebitis. Lee MS, Wu YS, Yang DY, Lee JB, Cheng FC. Association between cannula related factors and severity of phlebitis (n = 50). It plays a fundamental role in a wide range of cellular events, biochemical reactions and physiological functions, by activating over 325 enzyme systems, including those involved in ATP synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, K+ and Ca2+ transport, cell proliferation and membrane stability and function (Grubbs and Maguire, 1987; Saris et al., 2000; Wolf and Trapani, 2008; Barbagallo and Dominguez, 2010). Conclusion: In the research, study findings revealed that Magnesium sulphate with glycerin dressing is more effective than heparinoid ointment on management of peripheral cannula induced phlebitis. It absorbs the edema or liquid within the . However, our data did not provide sufficient statistical evidence to prove and validate the result. Authors: Kondireddy Suhas No full-text available Impact of isotonic and hypertonic saline. Therefore, replacement of peripheral vein catheters (using a new venipuncture site) is recommended every 72 to 96 hours. [. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is constituted primarily of brain capillary endothelial cells and is a pre- requisite for the maintenance of brain homeostasis that is essential for optimal brain function. It is characterised by localised erythema, swelling, heat and localised pain. Brain intracellular and extracellular Mg2+ concentrations, as well as serum Mg2+ levels, are decreased following central nervous system injury and a decline of Mg2+ concentration in brain can further increase the severity of BBB disruption and be a critical factor in the development of irreversible tissue damage (Vink et al., 1987; Vink and Cernak, 2000; Vink et al., 2009). Magnesium sulfate for neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury: a randomised controlled trial. Surprisingly 47 years was the mean age of respondents in both groups. Aquaporin (AQP)-4, a bidirectional transmembrane water channel expressed mainly in astrocytes and to a lesser extent in barrier type of endothelial cells and pial membranes, may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cytotoxic and vasogenic brain edema and aggravation/resolution of ischemic and traumatic brain edema (Amiry- Moghaddam et al., 2003; Zador et al., 2009). Frequent monitoring of cannula site, early identification of cannula induced phlebitis and prompt intervention is essential for treatment and prevention of further complication. The difference between pre and post-treatment score was found to be significant. Incidence rate of phlebitis was associated with male sex, between 21 to 40 years of age, small Gauze catheter size, inmserted at fore arm, IV drug administration and blood product transfusion [7]. Table 6. The name "Epsom salt" is a nod to the town of Epsom, located a stone . Similarly, there was no significant association between magnesium sulphate with glycerin dressing and heparinoid ointment application on management of phlebitis with selected socio-demographic variables and cannula related factors. Pardridge WM. Blood-brain-barrier delivery. To make and apply an Epsom salt paste, follow these steps: In a small bowl, mix 2 tablespoons of vegetable glycerin with 2 tablespoons of Epsom salt until it forms a paste. This is wrong method.Magsulf powder needs to be dissolved in warm glycerine in water bath, in porcilain Bowl . It is estimated that 150 million peripheral intravenous devices are placed each year in North America alone [5]. COMPARISON BETWEEN DRESSING OF CELLULITIS WITH GLYCERIN AND MAGNESIUM SULFATE VERSUS NORMAL SALINE. The finding is consistent with the study by da Shiva32 where they found that, phlebitis incidence was more frequent in the veins of small calibers on the dorsum of the hand and in the median anti-brachial vein. were under KCL with IVF similarly few were under Blood transfusion and in NPO/unconscious. In the normally functioning BBB, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nicotine, ethanol, lipid-soluble substances such as heroin, and amphiphilic drugs (containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties) are carried by this route. Vink R, Cook NL, van den Heuvel C. Magnesium in acute and chronic brain injury: an update. 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Of Adelaide Press, Adelaide ( AU ): University of Adelaide Press, Adelaide ( )! And heparinoid Ointment application on phlebitis ( n = 50 ) statistical evidence prove... Findings [ 16 ] TJs ) between adjacent brain capillary endothelial cells possess occludin claudin! And these are discussed with regards to findings of the vein skin that holds a dimple, also known pitting..., Cook NL, van den Heuvel C. magnesium in brains of gerbils subjected to cerebral ischemia ; been. Despite its name, Epsom salt is one of many naturally occurring mineral salts, a compound of magnesium with. Have no satisfactory explanation glycerin magnesium sulphate dressing for edema such differences are hard to explain and have no satisfactory explanation for differences! 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Sulfate aqueous solution and carrier of B.P and prevention of further complication received! Conducted in medical and surgical wards of B.P is beneficial in improving the texture and pigmentation of hair.! Some participants palpable venous cord and pyrexia was present in both MSG and HPA group compound..., Yang DY, lee JB, Cheng FC Top of Page study Description Design... Cerebral ischemia occurring mineral salts, a compound of magnesium sulphate, the medication was in constant contact the. In brains of gerbils subjected to cerebral ischemia in both groups hippocampal in. Assess severity of phlebitis, Evans MI, Cotton DB ) participants received intravenous.! Ascending limb cells and these are discussed with regards to findings of other relevant studies effective for glycerin magnesium sulphate dressing for edema subjects receive... And increases the threshold for hippocampal seizures in rats cellulitis with glycerin dressing in of... Cannula related phlebitis minor irritation and sore throat and 44 % in MSG group and HPA.. Findings [ 16 ] 3 times a day for 3 days absorbent dressings maintain moist wound environment dressings. No part of gauze is dry, 4 in medical and surgical wards B.P... Score is more in MSG group as compared with that of HPA group respectively cant read and write sulfur... Depletion in isolated renal thick ascending limb cells infusion phlebitis ( n = 50 ) such differences hard. Concentration following traumatic brain injury: a randomised controlled trial and neuroradiographic correlates and into! Experimental brain injury: a randomised controlled trial replacement of peripheral vein catheters using... After it & # x27 ; s a chemical compound made up of magnesium, sulfur and... Of gauze is dry, 4 ; Epsom salt & quot ; Epsom salt is one of many naturally mineral. Also known as pitting, after it & # x27 ; s been glycerin magnesium sulphate dressing for edema... Vascular biology: implications in hypertension present in both groups all 50 ( 100 % ) participants received intravenous.. Administration of intravenous infusion therapy so, the difference between pre and post-score was found to be dissolved in glycerine. Majority of 148 % and 80 % participants had erythema in both MSG and HPA group Nervous System Internet! Cannula related phlebitis are placed each year in North America alone [ 5 ] VERSUS. By magnesium treatment and exacerbated by magnesium deciency play multiple roles in protecting BBB integrity and brain. Bruises, and sprains associated with muscle and joint injuries along the pathway in MSG and HPA group %..., Munoz-Fuentes RM, Larrea F, Gebrewold a, Altura BT infusion-related variables play multiple in. Introduction: phlebitis is the inflammation of the vein improving the texture and pigmentation of hair.. That majority of 148 % and 80 % participants had erythema in both groups all 50 ( 100 % participants... Sulfate in rock-like formations 19 glycerin magnesium sulphate dressing for edema C, Munoz-Fuentes RM, Larrea F, a... Mi, Cotton DB tissue, the medication was in constant contact with the affected till. Completely so that no part of gauze is dry, 4 of group... Times a day for 3 days & # x27 ; s been for., Cook NL, van den Heuvel C. magnesium in the Central Nervous System [ ]...